Anhang:Proto-Indo-Europääsch/tewtéh₂

Düsse Indrag bargt rekunstrueerte Wöör un Wörtels. Dat heet, dat de Begrepen in düssen Indrag nich direkt nawiest sünd. Man se nimmt an, dat he so existeert hett, wat sik op verglieken Bewiesen grünnt.

Proto-Indo-Europääsch

Substantiv

*tewtéh₂ (femininum)

Reconstruction

Clear cognates are found only in Italo-Celtic, Baltic and Germanic, which points to an old European substratum word, geographically confined to the west and center of IE world.

Persian توده (toda, “masses; heap; stack, hill, rick, tumulus”) is sometimes listed as a cognate but a large semantic divergence remains unexplainable.

The supposed Hittite cognate 𒌅𒍖𒍣𒅖 (tuzziš, “army; camp”) with the semantic shift "people" > "army" > "camp" has been criticized to be unlikely (the normal development would be "camp" > "army"). Kloekhorst furthermore argues that Hittite word can formally only reflect an i-stem tewt-i-, and finally endorses an alternative etymology proposed by Melchert, from PIE *dʰh₁-uti-.

Often a derivation from the roots *tewh₂- (“to be strong; swell”) (referring to the strength of community) and *tewH- (“to look favorably; protect; observe”) is considered, but the presence of a laryngeal renders that suspect.

Bedüden

1. Lüdd, Stamm

Coordinate terms

• *déh₂mos (“segment of people”)
• *h₁lewdʰeros (“people”)
• *pleh₁dʰwéh₁s (“(the mass of) people”)

Deklinatschoon

Deklinatschoon vun *tewtéh₂

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominativ	*tewtéh₂	—	—
Vokativ	???	—	—
Akkusativ	*tewtéh₂m / *tewtā́m	—	—
Instrumental	*tewtéh₂(e)h₁	—	—
Dativ	*tewtéh₂ey	—	—
Ablativ	*tewtéh₂s	—	—
Genitive	*tewtéh₂s	—	—
Lokativ	*tewtéh₂(i)	—	—

Nakamen

+/-

• Anatoolsch:
  • Hittitsch: 𒌅𒍖𒍣𒅖 (tuzziš, “army; camp”)
• Baltsch:
  • Lettsch: tàuta
  • Litausch: tautà
  • Pruss'sch: tauto (“country”)
• Keltsch: *toutā
  • Ooldiersch: túath
    • Iersch: tuath
    • Schottsch Gäälsch: tuath
  • Bretoonsch: tud
  • Koornsch: tus
  • Waliesch: tud
• Germaansch: *þeudō
  • Ooldplattdüütsch: thiod
    • Middelplattdüütsch: dēt, deit, diet
  • Angelsass'sch: þēod
    • Middelengelsch: theode, thede
      • Schottsch: thede, theid
      • Engelsch: thede, theod
  • Ooldfreesch: thiād
  • Ooldnedderlandsch: thiat (plural: thiadi)
    • Middelnedderlandsch: diet
      • Nedderlandsch: diet
  • Ooldhoogdüütsch: diota, diot
    • Middelhoogdüütsch: diet
      • Düütsch: Diet
  • Ooldnoorsch: þjóð
    • Ieslandsch: þjóð
    • Färöösch: tjóð
    • Norweegsch: tjod
    • Sweedsch: tjod, tjaud (Gotlandish)
  • Gootsch: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (þiuda)
• Italsch: *toutā
  • Oskisch:
  • Umbrisch:
• Indo-Ariaansch
  • Pers'sch: توده (toda, “masses, heap, pile”)

? Referenzen un wiederföhren Informatschonen

• Don Ringe, From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press, 2006
• J. P. Mallory, D. Q. Adams (eds.) (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 417f
• Alwin Kloekhorst (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon, Leiden, Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, page 908
• Helmut Rix (ed.), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben, 2nd Edition, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2001, page 639