Wiktionary:Spraakfamilien

For a list of all language family codes, see Wiktionary:List of families.

Wiktionary sorts languages into families. Most families are related through descent from a common ancestor, but a few are merely categories, such as "creoles and pidgins". Wiktionary organizes language categories and derivations categories by families. Each family is represented on Wiktionary by a name and by a code.

See Wiktionary:Spraken and Wiktionary:Dialects for discussions of languages and of dialects, respectively.

Family codes

Wiktionary represents families by codes. Family codes are stored in Module:families along with related data. These codes are generally three letters, or three letters followed by a hyphen followed by another three letters. Exceptionally, they may be other strings. Family codes can be used only by a few etymology templates like {{etyl}} and {{derivcatboiler}}, and are specified with the "family" property of language codes in Module:languages. Families are not languages, so they cannot be used in most other circumstances, such as in the language parameter of {{l}}, {{term}} or in a translation table.

Genetic families

Genetic families are groups of languages which have a common ancestry. Wiktionary follows prevailing scholarship when grouping languages into genetic categories. Each genetic family has a code.

Most genetic families have an ISO 639-5 code. When one is available, it is used on Wiktionary as well. For example, the Austro-Asiatic languages are aav, the Celtic languages are cel, the Germanic languages are gem.

When a family has no standard ISO-639-5 code, but one of its superfamilies does have a code, Wiktionary assigns it a two part exceptional code. The first part is the ISO-639-5 code of its nearest superfamily, and the second part is a series of three lowercase letters which generally approximate the name of the family. For example, the Pama-Nyungan family is aus-pam: "aus" is the ISO 639-5 code for Australian languages, "pam" abbreviates "Pama-Nyungan". The Brythonic languages are cel-bry; Jewish Aramaic languages are sem-jar; South Bird's Head languages are ngf-sbh.

When neither a family nor any of its superfamilies has an ISO 639-5 code, the special code "qfa" is used as the first part, with the "q..." range being allowed by the ISO for private use and "fa" standing for "family". (This system was devised on IRC and in the BP.) For example, the Misumalpan languages are qfa-min.

Non-genetic categories and isolates

Not all language groupings are genetic. Some groups contain languages with other common properties, or languages spoken in a certain area. The following are recognised:

• art = Artificial/constructed languages, which are purposely created by linguists or hobbyists. Some may be widely used (such as Esperanto), but most are only limited to small communites (like Láadan).
• crp = Creole or pidgin languages, which developed as a means of communication between groups that had no common language. For example, Krio, Zamboanga Chavacano, Greenlandic Eskimo Pidgin.
• sgn = Sign languages (such as ASL), which are not spoken but communicated through gesturing.
• qfa-mix = Mixed languages, which formed by roughly equal mixing of two or more languages, usually by speakers that spoke the source languages fluently.
• qfa-iso = Language isolates, which have no demonstrated relationship to any other language (such as Ainu).
• qfa-und = Languages with an unknown or undetermined affiliation. These differ from language isolates in that there is no linguistic consensus or maybe even no research at all on the further relationships of the languages. This code is used by most languages that have not yet had a family assigned to them by Wiktionary editors. This code is also used for language families which are not part of a larger family.
• qfa-not = Languages that do not belong to a family in principle, because they are not true languages. "Translingual" (mul), "Undetermined" (und) and "substrate" (qfa-sub) are not languages, and cannot be considered members of any family. This code is also used for groupings of languages, such as the Caucasian languages, which are treated on Wiktionary as families, but which are not related. The preceding special family codes themselves also use this code.

Family names

• All family names should be defined as English words in their respective Wiktionary entries.
• Each family is consistently referred by only one name, to be used in etymologies and elsewhere. When there are two or more possible names, one of them is chosen.
• The name chosen for a family should not conflict with the name of a language. For instance, a certain family may be called Japanese or Japonic; however, since there is already a Japanese language, the family must be called Japonic.
• Multiple names of families should also eventually be listed in the sections synonyms or alternative forms at each entry.

See also

• Wiktionary:Spraken, Wiktionary:Dialekten, Wiktionary:Schriften